Received 2000-01-04  Accepted 2000-04-20

*Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.39670243, No.39770855) and the Research Foundation for Medical Sciences of CPLA (the 9th Five-Year Program, No.96M072)

**Corresponding author. Tel: 021-25070262; E-mail: yuanwj@smmu.edu.cn

***Present address: Department of Hygieology and Toxicology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433

生理学报, Oct. 2000, 52  (5): 385389

Acta Physiologica Sinica

 

烫伤对大鼠下丘脑视上核内皮素-1基因转录和蛋白含量的影响

蒋应明, 袁文俊**, 向正华, 缪为民, 林丽, 李玲, 焦炳华***

(第二军医大学生理学教研室, 上海  200433)

 

摘要:  用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法观察了烫伤后下丘脑视上核(SON)内皮素-1(ET-1)基因转录和蛋白含量的变化, 并用通用图像颗粒分析法估计ET-1 mRNA阳性杂交信号的强度和ET-1样免疫反应物(ET-1-ir)的免疫反应强度。与对照组相比, 烫伤后15 min, SON神经元胞浆内ET-1 mRNA阳性杂交信号未见明显变化; 而在烫伤后60和180 min, ET-1 mRNA阳性杂交信号强度分别较比照组增加35.1% (P<0.05)和62.4% (P<0.01)。在烫伤后15 min, SON神经元胞浆内ET-1-ir明显减少, 仅为对照组的8.5%, 显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。 烫伤后60和180 min免疫反应物强度较烫伤后15 min有所回升, 分别为对照组的31.5%和52.4%, 但仍显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。用Northern法检测烫伤后下丘脑ET-1 mRNA含量和长度变化。 结果显示, 在烫伤后15 min, ET-1 mRNA含量变化不显著, 在烫伤后60 min显著增多(P<0.05), 在烫伤后180 min继续增至对照组2.5倍, 但ET-1 mRNA长度在烫伤前后并无改变。以上结果表明, 烫伤后大鼠下丘脑SON ET-1 mRNA含量增加, 而ET-1-ir含量在烫伤后180 min内维持在低水平。鉴于SON具有神经内分泌作用, 烫伤后SON内ET-1 mRNA和ET-1-ir的变化提示, ET-1在烫伤后的病理生理变化中可能有重要的神经内分泌作用。

 

关键词: 内皮素-1 mRNA;  内皮素-1;  烫伤;  下丘脑视上核

学科分类号: Q426; R363

 

Effect of scald on gene transcription and content of endothelin-1 in supraoptic nucleus of rat hypothalamus*

JIANG Ying-Ming, YUAN Wen-Jun**, XIANG Zheng-Hua, MIAO Wei-Min,

LIN Li, LI Ling, JIAO Bing-Hua***

(Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433)

 

Abstract:   Endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene transcription and  endothelin-1-immunoreactivity (ET-1-ir) in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of rat hypothalamus were respectively observed  by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry after  scald.  Intensity of ET-1 mRNA and endothelin-1-immunoreactivity (ET-1-ir) was quantified by image analysis. Compared with the control (sham scald) group, no significant change in the intensity of ET-1 mRNA positive hybridization signals in SON was found  15 min post-scald, while there was a 35.1% increase in the positive hybridization signal intensity  60 min post-scald (P<0.05) and a  62.4% increase   180 min post-scald (P<0.01). The content of ET-1-ir in SON decreased significantly   to 8.5% of  the control 15 min post-scald (P<0.01), and gradually recovered to 31.5% and  52.4% of the control  60 min and 180 min post-scald respectively, though still significantly lower than  the control (P<0.01). Pre- and post-scald ET-1 gene transcription in rat hypothalamus was also measured by Northern blot hybridization. No significant difference in the quantity of ET-1 mRNA was found between 15 min post-scald data and those of the control. The quantity increased to a significantly higher level  60 min post-scald (P<0.05) and further increased to 2.5  fold of the control  180 min post-scald (P<0.05). In addition, the Northern blot hybridization showed that the post-scald size of ET-1 mRNA remained unchanged   despite of the increase in quantity. In view of the neuroendocrine role of SON, the changes in ET-1 mRNA and ET-1-ir in SON resulting from scald suggest that ET-1 may play an important role in  neuroendocrine reactions following scald.

 

Key words: endothelin-1 mRNA;  endothelin-1;  scald;   supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

 

内皮素(endothelin, ET)1988年发现的一类含有21个氨基酸的多肽[1], 其功能非常复杂, 分布广泛[2], 在中枢神经系统中分布也很广, 在下丘脑其含量甚高[3]。Yoshizawa等[4]及蒋应明等[5]报道, 下丘脑神经元能自身合成和表达内皮素-1 (endothelin-1, ET-1), 且主要集中在下丘脑视上核(supraoptic nucleus, SON)和室旁核(paraventricular nucleus, PVN)部位。Yoshizawa发现体内渗透压的升高可使神经垂体释放ET-1。另外, 越来越多的证据表明ET也是一种应激肽,与应激关系非常密切。ET基因中有急性反应元件, ET对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴具有调节作用, 可促进应激情况下AVP的释放[6]; 如强迫大鼠游泳, 血浆ET-1明显升高[7]。烫伤是一种极强的应激刺激, 同时伴有体内渗透压的升高, 因此推测重度烫伤可能影响下丘脑ET-1合成和分泌, 下丘脑ET-1在重度烫伤引起的病理生理变化中可能有重要意义。已有实验表明, 烫伤后病人血浆和烫伤局部组织中ET-1含量明显增加。本研究应用原位杂交(in situ hybridization, ISH)和免疫组织化学方法(immunohistochemistry, IHC)重点观察了烫伤后下丘脑SON神经元内ET-1 mRNA和内皮素-1样免疫活性物质(ET-1 immunoreactivity, ET-1-ir)的变化, 同时也观察了下丘脑PVN、环状核和室周核等的变化, 并进一步用Northern杂交法检测下丘脑ET-1 mRNA含量和长度的改变, 以了解烫伤对下丘脑神经元ET-1合成和分泌的影响, 以期分析下丘脑ET-1在烫伤引起的病理生理学变化中可能起的作用。

 

材料和方法

1.1烫伤模型的建立  体重280~320 g的雄性SD大鼠52只, 随机分为烫伤后15、60、180 min及对照组, 其中行ISH和IHC 36只, 每组9只, 行Northern杂交16只, 每组4只。经20%尿酯腹腔麻醉(5 ml/kg)后, 实验组用沸水烫背部7 s, 造成20%体表面积的Ⅱ度烫伤, 对照组用温水浸背部7 s。

1.2ISH和IHC

1.2.1取材  将动物开胸后, 用改良Zamboni固定液行左心室灌流固定30 min, 自前连合平面至乳头体尾端取下丘脑, 两侧包括下丘脑外侧区。20%蔗糖处理过夜后, 行冠状面连续冰冻切片, 片厚40 μm, 每只动物脑切片间隔分为2套, 分别用于ISH和IHC。

1.2.2ISH  将切片用0.1 mol/L甘氨酸、 0.4% Triton X-100和蛋白酶K(1 mg/ml)预处理后, 放入含地高辛标记的大鼠ET-1反义cRNA探针的杂交液中, 43℃保温16 h, 用2×SSC和0.5×SSC漂洗后,加入碱性磷酸酶标记的抗地高辛抗体Fab片段(Boehringer Mannheim公司), 室温放置4 h, 用NBT和BCIP室温显色3 h后封片观察。阴性对照则将切片用RNase A (20 μg/ml) 37℃处理30 min, 其它步骤同上述原位杂交组织化学程序[8]。

1.2.3IHC  切片用0.5% H2O2、0.4% Triton X-100和1%牛血清白蛋白处理后, 用兔抗ET-1血清(1∶100)(Peninsula Lab)孵育4℃过夜, 羊抗兔lgG (1∶200)孵育1 h, 最后与AB复合物(1∶100) 37℃ 1 h, 用H2O2 DAB显色液显色5 min, 漂洗后封片观察。阴性对照则用正常兔血清代替兔抗鼠ET-1抗血清, 其它步骤同上述免疫组织化学程序。

1.2.4地高辛标记的ET-1反义cRNA探针制备[9]  用含大鼠ET-1 cDNA序列编码区468 bp的线性质粒作模板, 加入含地高辛-UTP的NTP混合物(Boehringer Mannheim公司), 在T7 RNA聚合酶作用下体外转录合成反义cRNA探针, 大鼠ET-1质粒由Prof. Yanagisawa馈赠。

1.2.5通用图像颗粒分析[10]  用中国科学院自动化研究所的通用图像颗粒分析系统求各切片中单位面积内阳性杂交信号面积和阳性反应物面积, 据此评价阳性杂交信号强度和免疫反应强度, 每张切片统计3~4个点, 每只鼠统计组织解剖学位置相当10张切片, 求其平均值, 以对照组为基准, 其它组与之平均值比值作为比较内容, 并行组间t检验。

1.3Northern杂交  将动物断头处死后, 迅速取下丘脑, 范围自前连合平面至乳头体尾端, 两侧包括下丘脑外侧区, 立即入液氮中保存。用TRIzol试剂(GBICOBRL公司)抽提总RNA后, 在含有甲醛的凝胶上进行RNA电泳, 并将变性RNA转移至尼龙膜上, 与用随机引物法合成的α-32P (北京亚辉生物医学工程公司)标记的大鼠ET-1 DNA探针和GAPDH DNA探针于杂交液中68℃温育16 h, 经2×SSC和0.1×SSC洗涤后行放射自显影, -40℃曝光96 h, 用Pharmacia 公司生产的Image Scanner扫描杂交带, 用Imaster软件测量灰度值。

 

2结果

2.1下丘脑SON神经元内ET-1 mRNA的变化

光镜下见对照组下丘脑SON神经元胞浆内存在明显的ET-1 mRNA阳性杂交信号(图1A), 烫伤后15 min组SON神经元胞浆中单位面积内ET-1 mRNA阳性杂交信号强度较前增加(图1B)但无统计学意义; 烫伤后60 min组胞浆内阳性杂交信号较前明显增多(图1C), 强度高于对照组35.1%(P<0.05), 烫伤后180 min组其杂交信号最强, 高于对照组62.4%(P<0.01) (图1D)。下丘脑PVN也有类似变化, 但环状核和室周核未见转录增加。

2.2下丘脑SON神经元内ET-1-ir的变化

光镜下见对照组下丘脑SON神经元胞浆内存在一定量的ET-1阳性反应物(图2A)。 烫伤后15 min组SON神经元胞浆内ET-1阳性反应物明显减少(图2B), 单位面积内阳性反应物面积较对照组显著降低(P<0.01), 为对照组的8.5%; 烫伤后60 min组胞浆内阳性反应物较烫伤后15 min组稍有增加(图2C), 为对照组31.5%, 仍明显低于对照组(P<0.01); 烫伤后180 min进一步回升至对照组52.4%(图2D), 但仍低于对照组(P<0.01)(图3)。

 

图3.烫伤后下丘脑视上核ET-1 mRNA和ET-1-ir的相对含量变化

Fig. 3.Relative quantity of ET-1 mRNA and ET-1-ir in SON of  hypothalamus after scald quantified by image analysis. P<0.05,*P<0.01, compared with control. n=9.

 

2.3Northern杂交观察下丘脑ET-1 mRNA变化

用Northern杂交方法检测到对照组大鼠下丘脑ET-1 mRNA大小约为2.3 kb的杂交条带, ET-1 mRNA含量在烫伤后15 min变化不明显, 烫伤后60 min开始增加, 烫伤后180 min继续增多, 约为对照组的2.5倍, 但杂交条带位置在烫伤前后并无改变。结果如图4和图5所示。

 

图4.烫伤后下丘脑ET-1 mRNA转录增加

Fig. 4.Increase of ET-1 mRNA in hypothalamus after scald detected by Northern blot (n=4). A. Control.  B. 15 min post-scald.  C. 60 min post-scald.  D. 180 min post-scald.

 

图5.烫伤后下丘脑ET-1 mRNA相对含量增加

Fig. 5.Relative quantity of ET-1 mRNA  in the   hypothalamus increased significantly after scald. P<0.05, compared with control. n=4.

 

3讨论

实验表明, 大鼠烫伤后60和180 min, 下丘脑 ET-1 mRNA增加, 且主要在SON和PVN。烫伤后15 min, 下丘脑SON和PVN ET-1 mRNA增加但不显著, 烫伤后60和180 min显著增加, 表明烫伤可致SON和PVN ET-1 mRNA转录缓慢而持续增加, 但不排除ET-1 mRNA代谢延缓所致。非常有趣的是, 烫伤可使下丘脑SON和PVN ET-1的含量先急剧减少后回升, 烫伤后15 min, 其含量就迅速减少至极低值, 其后逐渐回升, 至烫伤后180 min明显回升, 但仍显著低于正常。烫伤后下丘脑SON和PVN ET-1迅速减少, 提示烫伤可能引起下丘脑ET-1分泌至外周循环, 但由于未直接观察释放情况, 故尚需进一步研究。随后ET-1含量逐渐回升, 则可能是下丘脑SON和PVN ET-1 合成增加的结果。 ET-1 mRNA转录增加是

 

图1.原位杂交示烫伤后下丘脑视上核ET-1 mRNA增加

Fig. 1.Increase of ET-1 mRNA in SON of hypothalamus after scald indicated by ISH. A. Control. B. 15 min post-scald. C. 60 min post-scald. D. 180 min post-scald. OC: optic chiasm; SON: supraoptic nucleus. Bar=40 μm.

 

图2.免疫组织化学示烫伤后下丘脑视上核ET-1样免疫反应物耗竭

Fig. 2.Depletion of ET-1-like immunoreactivity in SON of hypothalamus after  scald indicated  by IHC. A. Control. B. 15 min post-scald. C. 60 min post-scald. D. 180 min post-scald. OC: optic chiasm; SON: supraoptic nucleus. Bar=40  μm.

 

烫伤后期下丘脑ET-1含量逐渐回升的原因。 Northern杂交结果则进一步证实, 烫伤后下丘脑 ET-1 mRNA持续增加, 至烫伤后180 min约增加1.5倍, 但 ET-1 mRNA杂交条带位置在烫伤前后并无显著变化, 表明在受烫伤刺激后 ET-1 mRNA5′末端并不延长, 这不同于AVP mRNA和OT mRNA, 后两者在高渗性脱水时除了含量增加外, 同时伴有5′末端的延长[11,12]。ET-1 mRNA转录量增加可能与ET基因中的急性反应元件 (APRE)序列CTGGGA有关[13], APRE的大量复制可启动 ET-1基因转录, 这既是心梗、外科手术和其它应激刺激引起 ET-1基因转录增加的基因机制, 也可能是本实验中 ET-1 mRNA升高的基因机制[14]。但是, 烫伤通过何种因素致使下丘脑 ET-1 mRNA含量增加和ET-1含量减少, 尚需进一步明确。作者认为有以下几种可能性: 烫伤引起渗透压的改变, 刺激神经递质、 多种炎症介质及生物活性物质如血栓素、 缓激肽、 IL-1和TNF-2[2]释放, 从而影响下丘脑ET-1神经元合成和分泌。

综上所述, 烫伤后下丘脑 ET-1 mRNA和 ET-1含量显著变化, 提示下丘脑-垂体轴 ET-1可能参与了烫伤引起的病理生理变化, 具有调节神经内分泌的作用。

 

Acknowledgement: We are grateful to Prof. M.Yanagisawa for his providing with plasmid of rat ET-1 and to Prof. Chen Yizhang for his advice.

 

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