Received
2001-06-29Accepted 2001-09-28
*Corresponding
author. Tel: +86-10-64014411-2933; Fax: +86-10-64013968; E-mail: zhqchen2000@21cn.com
生理学报, Feb. 2002,
54 (1): 55~5955
Acta
Physiologica Sinica
研究论文
脚内核在电针镇痛及兴奋尾壳核镇痛中的作用
吴国冀, 陈正秋*, 石宏
中国中医研究院针灸研究所, 北京 100700
摘要: 用行为学和电生理学的方法, 探讨脚内核在电针镇痛及兴奋尾壳核镇痛中的作用。脚内核微量注射红藻氨酸7
d后, 电针对辐射热引起的大鼠缩腿潜伏期无明显影响, 电针或兴奋尾壳核对丘脑束旁核神经元的伤害性反应亦无明显影响。 与正常对照组电针或兴奋尾壳核产生的抑制作用相比有显著性差异(P<0.05);
与脚内核微量注射生理盐水7 d后, 电针可提高大鼠缩腿潜伏期, 及电针或兴奋尾壳核对束旁核神经元伤害性反应的抑制作用相比, 有显著性差异(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,
脚内核在电针及兴奋尾壳核镇痛中发挥重要作用。
关键词: 脚内核; 尾壳核; 电针镇痛
学科分类号: Q426; R245
Roles of entopeduncular nucleus in acupuncture analgesia
and
caudate-putamen
nucleus stimulation-induced analgesiaWU Guo-Ji, CHEN Zheng-Qiu, SHI Hong
Institute of
Acupuncture, China Academy of
Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Beijing 100700
Abstract: The present study was to investigate
whether entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is involved in caudate-putamen nucleus
(CPu) stimulation-induced analgesia and in acupuncture analgesia. It was found
that the foot-withdrawal latency elicited by radiant heat exposure was
increased after electroacupuncture analgesia (EA), and the nociceptive
responses of neurons in parafascicular nucleus (Pf) were inhibited after EA or
after excitation of CPu neurons in normal rats, but the foot-withdrawal latency
and nociceptive responses of Pf neurons were unchanged by EA or excitation of
CPu in the rats with lesion of EP by local application of kainic acid. The
results obtained with microinjeciton of saline instead of kainic acid into the
EP were the same with those in the nonlesioned control group. The differences
in the results between the lesion group and the other groups were significant (P<0.05).
It is suggested that EP is involved in acupuncture analgesia and also plays an important role in
caudate-putamen nucleus stimulation-induced analgesia.
Key words:
entopeduncular nucleus; caudate-putamen nucleus; electroacupuncture analgesia
脚内核与尾核是基底神经节的重要组成部分, 两者在痛觉调节中均发挥重要作用。兴奋脚内核可以产生明显的镇痛作用,
有人认为这种镇痛作用是通过缰核实现的[1]。刺激双侧苍白球内侧部(在灵长类动物中脚内核被称为苍白球内侧部)可以改善颈部肌张力障碍引起的疼痛[2]。在苍白球内侧部埋置电极治疗严重脑外伤引起的偏身传出性运动失调,
经过长期随访发现, 慢性刺激苍白球内侧部, 可以明显改善肌张力障碍引起的疼痛[3]。电刺激恶痛病人的尾核头部, 患者无运动反应, 但是疼痛却明显缓解[4]。形态学的工作表明,
尾核虽有直接向丘脑束旁核(parafascicular nucleus, Pf)投射的神经纤维[5, 6], 但更多的是尾核经脚内核向丘脑投射的纤维[7]。而脚内核是否参与针刺镇痛及兴奋尾核镇痛,
目前尚无文献报道。本实验拟以化学毁损大鼠脚内核的方法, 探讨脚内核是否参与针刺镇痛, 是否参与兴奋尾壳核镇痛。
1材料和方法
1.1 实验方法实验用Wistar大鼠, 雌雄不限, 体重220~320 g。在10%乌拉坦(1 g/kg)腹腔注射麻醉下, 暴露颅骨, 将大鼠头部固定在立体定位仪上,
参照Pellegrino图谱[8], 向左侧脚内核注入红藻氨酸1 μl
(5 μg/μl)进行毁损。术后于创口处浸润庆大霉素预防感染, 缝合创口。术后7 d开始记录。实验分行为学与电生理学两部分。
行为学部分:将大鼠固定在测痛架上, 待适应后用辐射热-缩腿法测痛, 以辐射热照射右侧足底引起的缩腿潜伏期作为痛阈指标, 调节辐射热强度, 使基础缩腿潜伏期控制在5
s上下。缩腿潜伏期值为间隔2 min的2次测定值的均数。电针右侧“阳陵泉”(腓骨小头前下方凹陷处)、“环跳”(相当于人的股骨大转子与骶裂孔连线的外1/3与内2/3交界处)穴(强度2 mA, 频率为2 Hz与100 Hz交替的疏密波, 当频率升高时, 波宽自动变窄,
反之亦然, 持续5 min)。观察毁损脚内核前后电针对缩腿潜伏期的影响。
电生理学部分:在乌拉坦腹腔注射麻醉下, 暴露左侧的尾壳核与丘脑束旁核(Pf)上方的皮层。在尾壳核处(前囟前1 mm, 矢状缝外侧2.5 mm, 深5
mm)安装不锈钢套管, 以备微量注射药物用。外套管外径0.8 mm, 内套管外径0.4 mm, 插入深度比预定深度浅 1 mm, 内套管约长于外套管0.5
mm, 外套管用502胶与牙托粉固定于颅骨表面。术后2~3 h, 用含2%滂胺天蓝的0.5 mol/L醋酸钠溶液充灌的玻璃微电极细胞外记录伤害性刺激前后各1
s内Pf神经元的放电频数。用一对针形电极刺激对侧足背作为伤害性刺激(强度5 mA, 波宽0.2 ms, 频率100 Hz, 持续50 ms)。电针参数同行为学实验,
兴奋尾壳核头部采用微量注射0.5 mol/L谷氨酸3 μl的方法, 盐水对照则采用注射等量0.9%
NaCl的方法。分别观察毁损脚内核前后, 电针和兴奋尾壳核对Pf神经元伤害性反应的影响。
在整个电生理实验过程中, 大鼠头部被固定在立体定位仪上, 动物处于浅麻醉状态, 肛温维持在36℃~38℃。实验结束后, 剪断玻璃微电极以确定记录电极部位,
尾壳核头部注入滂胺天蓝, 以确定尾壳核插入套管部位。然后断头取脑, 浸入10%福尔马林溶液中固定, 以便进行组织学鉴定。微电极尖端所在部位不在所记录核团、微量注射范围超过尾壳核头部的记录资料均舍弃不用。
1.2 资料处理选用记录完整的资料。 计算: 缩腿潜伏期变化率=(处理后缩腿潜伏期-处理前缩腿潜伏期)/处理前缩腿潜伏期×100%;伤害性反应=伤害性刺激后放电频数-伤害性刺激前放电频数;伤害性反应变化率=(处理后伤害性反应-处理前伤害性反应)/处理前伤害性反应×100%。将缩腿潜伏期变化率与伤害性反应变化率进行统计学t检验。
2结果
2.1 行为学实验结果
在正常大鼠上观察到, 电针后辐射热引起缩腿潜伏期明显延长, 与电针前相比, 电针后0~15 min均有显著性差异(n=14, 0~5 min P<0.001,
10~15 min P<0.05)(图1), 表明电针可以延长缩腿潜伏期, 产生镇痛作用。毁损脚内核后, 电针虽可提高大鼠缩腿潜伏期,但增加幅度明显降低(n=17),
与正常对照组相比, 0和5 min时有统计学显著性差异(P<0.01);与盐水对照组电针在0~10
min时
图1.毁损脚内核后电针对缩腿潜伏期的影响
Fig. 1.Effects
of EA on foot-withdrawal latency after lesion of the entopeduncular
nucleus.Mean±SE(%). ●, effects of EA (EA); ■, effects of EA after lesion
(EA+KA); ▲, effects of EA after microinjection of saline (EA+NaCl). *P<0.05,
**P<0.01, ***P<0.001 compared with the normal; ●●P<0.01 compared with
EA; △△P<0.01, △△△P<0.001 compared with EA+NaCl.
可明显延长缩腿潜伏期(n=11, P<0.05)相比, 0和5 min时亦有显著性差异(P<0.01)(图1)。由此可见, 毁损脚内核后,
电针的镇痛作用被明显减弱, 提示脚内核参与电针的镇痛作用。
2.2电生理学实验结果
2.2.1电针和兴奋尾壳核对Pf神经元伤害性反应的影响在正常大鼠上观察到, 电针对Pf神经元的伤害性反应有明显抑制作用, 与非电针组相比, 0~8
min时具有显著性差异(n=11, P<0.01)(图2)。结果表明, 电针可以抑制Pf神经元的伤害性反应, 产生镇痛作用。
图2.电针对束旁核神经元伤害性反应的影响
Fig. 2.Effects
of EA on nociceptive responses of Pf neurons.Mean±SE(%). **P<0.01, ***P<0.001
compared with non-EA.
兴奋尾壳核头部后, Pf神经元的伤害性反应也被明显抑制(n=13), 与空白对照组(n=12)相比, 1~11 min时具有显著性差异(P<0.05);与盐水对照组相比,
3~11 min时有显著性差异(n=10, P<0.05)(图3)。由此提示, 兴奋尾壳核可以抑制Pf神经元的伤害性反应。
2.2.2 毁损脚内核后电针和兴奋尾壳核对Pf神经元伤害性反应的影响毁损脚内核后,
电针对Pf神经元伤害性反应的抑制程度较小(n=11), 与未毁损组 (n=11)相比, 0~8 min时有显著性差异(P<0.05);与盐水对照组
(n=9)相比, 0~10 min有显著性差异(P<0.05);与空白对照组(n=10)相比无显著性差异(n=11, P>0.05)(图4)。可见毁损脚内核后,
电针对Pf神经元伤害性反应的抑制作用明显减弱, 提示脚内核参与了电针对Pf伤害性反应的抑制作用。
毁损脚内核以后, 兴奋尾壳核对Pf神经元的伤害性反应无明显影响(n=11), 与未毁损组 (n=13)相比, 1~11 min时有显著性差异(P<0.05);与盐水对照组
(n=11)相比, 3~15 min时有统计学显著性差异(P<0.05);与兴奋尾壳核的盐水对照组(n=11) 相比无显著性差异 (P>0.05); 与空白对照组
图3.兴奋尾壳核对束旁核神经元伤害性反应的影响
Fig. 3.Effects
of exciting caudate-putamen nucleus on nociceptive responses of Pf neurons.Mean±SE(%).
◆, control; ■, effects of exciting caudate-putamen nucleus (Glu); ▲, effects of
saline (NaCl). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 compared with control; #P<0.05,
##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 compared with NaCl.
图4. 毁损脚内核后电针对束旁核神经元伤害性反应的影响
Fig. 4.Effects
of EA on nociceptive responses of Pf neurons after lesion of entopeduncular
nucleus.Mean±SE(%). ●, effects of EA (EA); ■, effects of EA after lesion
(EA+KA); ▲, effects of EA after microinjection of saline (EA+NaCl); ◆,control
after lesion (control). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared with EA;#P<0.05, ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 compared
with EA+NaCl.
表1. 毁损脚内核后兴奋尾壳核对束旁核神经元伤害性反应的影响
Table 1.
Effects of exciting caudate-putamen nucleus on nociceptive responses of Pf
neurons
after lesion of entopeduncular nucleus
[]Time after
injection (min) 1[] 3[] 5[] 7[] 9[] 11[] 15[] 20Glu
(n=13)[]-42.48±
12.68[] -68.89±
8.34[] -54.86±
13.39[] -66.95±
9.33[] -74.52±
8.42[] -53.80±
12.91[] -21.80±
11.21[] -20.96±
14.10Glu+KA
(n=11)[] -1.81±
8.62*[] -15.92±
10.01***[]16.21±
9.17***[]11.84±
12.25***[]
-3.04±
10.36***[]13.89±
9.51***[]
-0.11±
11.17[]3.46±
10.84Glu+NaCl
(n=11)[] -32.13±
13.01[] -75.29±
8.69###[]
-72.57±
6.64###[]
-67.43±
9.14###[]
-72.24±
9.73###[]
-37.76±
10.09###[]
-36.77±
9.98#[] -15.43±
4.89NaCl+KA
(n=11)[]0.14±
9.05[] -4.38±
11.58[]8.65±
11.86[]3.44±
13.12[]5.75±
11.00[] -0.58±
12.29[]1.74±
9.66[]3.38±
10.14KA
(n=10)[] -4.96±
6.87[] -3.54±
8.78[]4.52±
7.16[] -9.55±
7.31[] -2.29±
10.28[]0.31±
12.56[] -10.87±
11.70[]13.78±
7.76Mean±SE(%).
Glu, effects of Glu. Glu+KA, effects of exciting caudate-putamen nucleus after
lesion. Glu+NaCl, effects of excitation after microinjeciton of saline.
NaCl+KA, effects of saline after lesion. Control, control after lesion. *P<0.05,
***P<0.01 compared with Glu; #P<0.05, ###P<0.01 compared with
Glu+KA.(n=10)
相比无显著性差异(P>0.05) (表1)。由此可见, 毁损脚内核后兴奋尾壳核对Pf神经元伤害性反应的抑制作用被取消, 表明脚内核也参与了兴奋尾壳核对Pf神经元伤害性反应的抑制作用。
3讨论
本实验探讨了脚内核与针刺镇痛的关系。以往研究表明, 电针对苍白球内侧部神经元略有兴奋作用[9]。由此我们设想, 电针可能通过兴奋脚内核神经元产生镇痛作用。有实验报道,
脚内核-缰核的GABA能通路参与了兴奋脚内核的痛觉调制[1], 针刺镇痛时缰核的GABA含量明显增高[10], 因此, 脚内核-缰核的GABA能纤维可能是脚内核参与针刺镇痛的一条途径。
在本实验中我们还观察到, 毁损脚内核后, 兴奋尾壳核的镇痛作用被取消, 因此, 兴奋尾壳核可能通过兴奋脚内核而产生镇痛作用的。而在以往实验中, 却发现兴奋尾核对苍白球内侧部神经元的自发放电影响不大[9]。由于兴奋向苍白球投射的壳核神经元,
除了可抑制大部分苍白球内侧部与外侧部神经元的活动外, 还可兴奋小部分神经元的活动[11]。因此, 兴奋尾壳核可能主要是通过兴奋脚内核产生镇痛作用的。
本组以往工作表明, 毁损尾核后, 电针对Pf神经元的伤害性反应被明显减弱, 提示电针可通过兴奋尾核, 从而抑制Pf神经元的伤害性反应[12]。本实验不仅再次证实了上述假设,
还进一步提示我们, 电针可能通过兴奋尾核, 调整脚内核神经元的活动, 从而抑制Pf神经元的伤害性反应。形态学研究表明, 大脑皮层除直接向丘脑投射纤维, 还发出大量纤维向尾核投射[13,
14]。而大脑皮层的投射神经元为兴奋性谷氨酸能神经元[15]。电针可以激活大脑皮层神经元[16]。本实验向尾壳核注入谷氨酸, 其深层目的也是模拟对大脑皮层神经元的兴奋作用。因而,
本实验的结果为针刺可通过大脑皮层-尾核-脚内核-丘脑通路产生镇痛作用提供了实验依据。
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